{"title":"3D Pathology Anatomy - Cardiovascular Pathology","description":"","products":[{"product_id":"abdominal-aortic-aneurysm","title":"Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm","description":"\u003ch2\u003eAbdominal Aortic Aneurysm\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe 3D model consists of the lower abdominal segment of the aorta together with the common iliac vessels and proximal portions of the internal and external iliac arteries. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eA large 10 x 7 cm aneurysm is situated below the origin of the renal arteries, extending to the aortic bifurcation. The aneurysm with its severe thinning of the wall of the abdominal aorta, is partly lined by a laminated thrombus, indicating the chronicity of the process. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThere is evidence of a recent thrombus on the luminal surface. There also appears to be some aneurysmal dilatation of the common iliac and (opened) proximal left external iliac artery. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe abdominal aorta at the upper end of the specimen shows multiple focally ulcerated atheromatous plaques. There is no evidence of rupture.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Erler-Zimmer","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":54831723479416,"sku":"EZ-MP2030","price":744.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0507\/6087\/6201\/files\/MP2030_3.jpg?v=1754062754"},{"product_id":"right-ventricular-hypertrophy","title":"Right Ventricular Hypertrophy","description":"\u003ch2\u003eRight Ventricular Hypertrophy\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe 3D model is of the external surface of the heart viewed from the anterior aspect. The right ventricle is greatly enlarged and hypertrophied. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAll appears to be normal otherwise. This is an example of right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) in a patient with emphysema.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Erler-Zimmer","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":54831723512184,"sku":"EZ-MP2031","price":912.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0507\/6087\/6201\/files\/MP2031_1.jpg?v=1754062553"},{"product_id":"atrial-septal-defect","title":"Atrial septal defect","description":"\u003ch2\u003eAtrial septal defect\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe heart is viewed from the left side. The left atrium has been opened to display a large ovoid defect 3.5 cm in greatest diameter in the inter-atrial septum. Only a small postero-inferior crescentic rim of septum remains. The left ventricle is small, and the right ventricle is hypertrophied (see posterior aspect of specimen where part of the right postero-lateral wall of the right ventricle has been cut away to demonstrate the thickened wall). The pulmonary artery, seen to the left of the atrial cavities, is greatly enlarged. The smaller vessel seen lying above the cut end of the pulmonary artery is the aortic arch. The cut edge of a lumen 8 mm in diameter immediately below the cut end of the pulmonary artery is the left auricular appendage.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Erler-Zimmer","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":54831723577720,"sku":"EZ-MP2032","price":1122.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0507\/6087\/6201\/files\/MP2032_4.jpg?v=1754062434"},{"product_id":"bicuspid-aortic-valve","title":"Bicuspid Aortic Valve","description":"\u003ch2\u003eBicuspid Aortic Valve\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe heart has been opened to display the left ventricle and associated valves. The aortic valve has 2 cusps instead of the usual three. The valves are otherwise normal apart from patchy, slight thickening. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe aortic origins of the left and right coronary arteries are widely patent, as is the left circumflex coronary artery, seen cut transversely in the atrio-ventricular groove at the right-hand lower edge of the specimen. There is dense pericardial fibrosis and adhesions on the posterior side of the specimen, suggestive of constrictive pericarditis. The cause of this is not apparent from the history. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAt autopsy, there was ascites, a small shrunken cirrhotic liver, bilateral pleural effusions (R\u0026gt;L), and right pulmonary collapse. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe cause of death was liver cirrhosis and failure, possibly consequential to the above-described constrictive pericarditis. The bicuspid aortic valve was an incidental finding.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Erler-Zimmer","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":54831723610488,"sku":"EZ-MP2033","price":756.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0507\/6087\/6201\/files\/MP2033_3.jpg?v=1754062039"},{"product_id":"congenital-pulmonary-stenosis","title":"Congenital Pulmonary Stenosis","description":"\u003ch2\u003eCongenital Pulmonary Stenosis\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe specimen is the child’s heart, viewed from the left. The pulmonary artery has been opened to show the upper surface of the pulmonary valve, which is malformed into a thickened conical diaphragm with a tiny 2 mm opening at the apex.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA large post-stenotic dilatation of the pulmonary artery is visible. There is marked right-sided cardiac enlargement, with dilatation of the right atrium and auricle, as well as right ventricular hypertrophy.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis case represents an example of pure pulmonary valve stenosis.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Erler-Zimmer","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":54831723643256,"sku":"EZ-MP2034","price":546.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0507\/6087\/6201\/files\/MP2034_3.jpg?v=1754061895"},{"product_id":"hydatid-disease-affecting-the-heart-and-aorta","title":"Hydatid Disease Affecting the Heart and Aorta","description":"\u003ch2\u003eHydatid Disease Affecting the Heart and Aorta\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe 3D model is of the heart, with the left ventricle being laid open, and of the aorta at its common iliac bifurcation. The aorta shows some atheromatous depositions in the upper portion. There is a large mass of antemortem clot at the point of the iliac bifurcation with extension down both common iliac arteries.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe heart shows hypertrophy of the left ventricular wall, and an abnormal communication between the left ventricle and atrium running through the posterior cusp of the mitral valve via the papillary muscle into the left ventricular cavity. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThis channel is surrounded by thickened fibrous-looking tissue. The posterior cusp of the valve has been split. Sutured surgical incisions are visible on the posterior aspect of the model and the ventricular wall and in the left atrial appendage. Hydatid cysts occupy the abdominal aorta at its bifurcation, and the channel joining the left ventricle and left atrium.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHistology demonstrated cysts within the aorta wall comprised of 3 layers: an outermost pericyst fibrous layer; a middle ectocyst layer that was laminated, hyaline and acellular; and the inner endocyst in the germinative layer, consisting of daughter cysts and brood capsules with scolices. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eA focal granulomatous palisading reaction was also present within the aorta wall.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Erler-Zimmer","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":54831723774328,"sku":"EZ-MP2035","price":606.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0507\/6087\/6201\/files\/MP2035_3.jpg?v=1754061748"},{"product_id":"hypertrophic-subaortic-stenosis","title":"Hypertrophic Subaortic stenosis","description":"\u003ch2\u003eHypertrophic Subaortic stenosis\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThis is a longitudinal section through the heart displaying the left and right ventricles and the interventricular septum. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe outstanding abnormality is a grossly thickened interventricular septum and left ventricular hypertrophy. The aortic cusps that are visible appear unremarkable, as does the mitral valve. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe ventricular septum is so large that it encroaches on the lumen of the left ventricle.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Erler-Zimmer","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":54831723807096,"sku":"EZ-MP2036","price":792.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0507\/6087\/6201\/files\/MP2036_4.jpg?v=1754061580"},{"product_id":"tetralogy-of-fallot","title":"Tetralogy of Fallot","description":"\u003ch2\u003eTetralogy of Fallot\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe child's heart is viewed from the anterior aspect. The anterior wall of the right ventricle has been excised to reveal prominent right ventricular hypertrophy and a narrowed pulmonary outflow tract. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe pulmonary valve ring is also small, with a bicuspid stenosed valve. There is a patch of endocardial fibrosis in the outflow tract below the pulmonary valve. The origin of the aorta overlies a high ventricular septal defect. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eA probe could be passed into the aorta from the hypertrophied right ventricle. The further probe was able to pass from the narrowed pulmonary trunk into a dilated, thin-walled left pulmonary artery and through the surgical anastomosis into the descending aorta. Examination of the posterior aspect of the specimen reveals an open right atrium and left ventricle. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWhen viewed from the right side of the heart, there is a large atrial septal defect (ASD), 8 mm in diameter at the site of the foramen ovale (large arrow). Another tiny ASD (small arrow) 3 mm in diameter is present posterior to the upper border of the large ASD. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNote that the wall of the left ventricle is slightly thinner than the wall of the right ventricle.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Erler-Zimmer","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":54831723839864,"sku":"EZ-MP2037","price":354.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0507\/6087\/6201\/files\/MP2037_2.jpg?v=1754061467"},{"product_id":"calcified-aortic-valvular-stenosis-bicuspid-aortic-valve","title":"Calcified Aortic Valvular Stenosis Bicuspid Aortic Valve","description":"\u003ch2\u003eCalcified Aortic Valvular Stenosis Bicuspid Aortic Valve\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe 3D model is a partial horizontal 1.5cm slice through the plane of the left atrium, whose smooth internal lining, together with the left auricular appendage and part of the left ventricle, are visible on the inferior aspect. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOn the superior aspect, the pulmonary trunk (and part of the pulmonary tricuspid valve) and aorta, including the affected abnormal bicuspid valve, are discernible. Calcified aggregations or thickenings on the opposing margins of the valve can be seen from this upper perspective. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThere is also a region of calcification on one of the cusps of the pulmonary valves.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Erler-Zimmer","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":54831723905400,"sku":"EZ-MP2038","price":414.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0507\/6087\/6201\/files\/MP2038_3.jpg?v=1754061344"},{"product_id":"rheumatic-endocarditis","title":"Rheumatic endocarditis","description":"\u003ch2\u003eRheumatic endocarditis\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe 3D model is that of a heart opened to show the left atrium and left ventricle. The mitral valve has been cut, but those visible parts show significant thickening. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe left atrial wall shows deposition of blood and fibrin. The left auricular appendage is filled with a blood clot, caused by atrial fibrillation. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe mural thrombus on the atrial wall is in the typical site: the deep layers of the endocardium forming irregular thickenings, called MacCallum’s plaques (arrows).\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Erler-Zimmer","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":54831724003704,"sku":"EZ-MP2039","price":726.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0507\/6087\/6201\/files\/MP2039_3.jpg?v=1754061195"},{"product_id":"traumatic-oesophageal-aortic-fistula","title":"Traumatic Oesophageal-aortic fistula","description":"\u003ch2\u003eTraumatic Oesophageal-aortic fistula\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe 3D model is a block dissection of the distal trachea (posterolateral on the right margin), the aortic arch (opened in the coronal plane and viewed from the anterior aspect) and oesophagus (posteriorly and opened longitudinally). \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe oesophageal mucosa is ulcerated and haemorrhagic. A small blue probe identifies a fistula between the oesophagus and posterior wall of the thoracic descending aorta.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Erler-Zimmer","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":54831724036472,"sku":"EZ-MP2040","price":264.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0507\/6087\/6201\/files\/MP2040_4.jpg?v=1754060906"},{"product_id":"acute-bacterial-endocarditis","title":"Acute Bacterial Endocarditis","description":"\u003ch2\u003eAcute Bacterial Endocarditis\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThis small heart displays the left ventricle and associated valves. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe non-coronary cusp of the aortic valve is ulcerated and perforated and has friable vegetations attached.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eImmediately below this cusp a perforation extends into the right atrium just above the tricuspid valve (see back of the 3D model. The other aortic cusp is also thickened. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThis is an acute bacterial endocarditis with aortic cusp and atrioventricular perforations.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Erler-Zimmer","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":54831724069240,"sku":"EZ-MP2041","price":240.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0507\/6087\/6201\/files\/MP2041_2.jpg?v=1754060508"},{"product_id":"syphilitic-aneurysm","title":"Syphilitic Aneurysm","description":"\u003ch2\u003eSyphilitic Aneurysm\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThis 3D model is the patient's enlarged heart, including the aortic arch and descending aorta. The ascending aorta is dilated up to 7 cm in diameter, and is expanded superiorly by a large aneurysmal bulge 11 x 13 cm in diameter.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThis has been opened to display the wrinkled scarred intimal surface. There is also marked atheroma of the intima. The innominate, left common carotid, and subclavian arteries have been displaced towards the patient's left by the aneurysm.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e On the internal surface of the aneurysm, there is a ridge-like thickening 5 mm high. This is the site of attachment of the pericardial sac externally. There is marked congestion of small blood vessels in the adventitia of the aorta. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThis is a syphilitic aneurysm of the arch of the aorta.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Erler-Zimmer","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":54831724134776,"sku":"EZ-MP2042","price":1308.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0507\/6087\/6201\/files\/MP2042_2.jpg?v=1754060223"},{"product_id":"ruptured-thoracic-aortic-aneurysm","title":"Ruptured Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm","description":"\u003ch2\u003eRuptured Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe heart displays both ventricles from the posterior aspect. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThere is a prominent saccular dilatation of the thoracic ascending aorta, which shows several atherosclerotic plaques and posteriorly is seen to be ruptured (identified by the dark staining). \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBoth ventricles are hypertrophied. The coronary arteries together with the aortic and tricuspid valves are normal. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThis is an example of a ruptured aneurysm of the ascending aorta.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Erler-Zimmer","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":54831724200312,"sku":"EZ-MP2043","price":948.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0507\/6087\/6201\/files\/MP2043_4.jpg?v=1754060030"}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0507\/6087\/6201\/collections\/MP2033_3.jpg?v=1782221264","url":"https:\/\/simandskills.co.uk\/collections\/3d-pathology-anatomy-cardiovascular-pathology.oembed","provider":"Sim \u0026 Skills","version":"1.0","type":"link"}